The EICMA-2007 exhibition presented the audience with two models of the Kawasaki Ninja motorcycle - 250R and ZX-10R. They could have been confused, since the model with a liter engine was not so heavily covered in plastic, and the organizers hung the signs with the names of the motorcycles incorrectly. Therefore, “two hundred and fifty” and “thousandth” were confused in the eyes of observers of the presentation. Nevertheless, the presentation turned out to be interesting. Let's be honest, the spectacle presented itself to the visitors as very impressive and memorable.
The first headquarters were located in Chicago, Illinois.
The American motorcycle corporation Kawasaki first opened its doors in March 1966. The headquarters were located in an old building in Chicago that used to be an old meat warehouse. Don't let your humble beginnings fool you. The factory team that was sent to America to open up the US market for Kawasaki knew what they were doing and started with as little overhead as possible so they could focus on putting money into motorcycle production, increasing profits and making the enterprise more successful. This way they increased their chances of success. They weren't as interested in the surroundings as they were in the open space to organize production and build motorcycles.
Positive points
Despite the modest engine size of the Ninja 250, you can’t say that this motorcycle model is somehow inferior in comparison with its more powerful brothers. Many men who only dream of a bike, who have never sat behind the wheel of such a vehicle, see just such a car in their dreams. Beginners’ poor understanding of the power of the Kawasaki 250 Ninja (the price of which, by the way, is a bit steep) and its explosive power can negatively affect their safety. After all, having developed speed on such a device, it is very easy to lose control and even crash into something. Therefore, those who want to buy a sportbike just because of the “coolness”, who want to immediately start with the “600” or “liter”, whose combat power goes off scale beyond the 100 hp mark. s, are at great risk of encountering certain troubles that plague novice motorcycle racers. This is where it will be just right to master the necessary skills on a more obedient “motorcycle friend”, which in some way forgives the shortcomings in the riding of its owner. Therefore, the presented model looks very advantageous as the first sportbike. In addition, the rather cool appearance will not leave the owner of the device without due attention. And after acquiring the required level of control of your two-wheeled friend, you can easily begin to master models with a more serious engine capacity.
But buyers who have set their own criteria when choosing a motorcycle and know what they want at the initial stage immediately begin to understand that they have settled on a bright specimen that will bring a lot of pleasure during motorcycle rides and will allow them to show off with pride in front of their friends. Don’t let the sports bike’s appearance mislead you – it won’t let you doubt its versatility. It performs just as well on short race runs as it does on long journeys.
Kawasaki started out in America with little promise.
Kawasaki opened its headquarters in the United States. The team responsible for the international expansion of the brand started from scratch in a foreign territory. However, they had the most important thing: knowledge and love for their work. They started a new factory with no image, no distributors and no customers. Their belief in their product was so strong that it allowed them to create an entirely new market. With a desire to succeed and negotiation skills, they promised to create a factory that would supply the highest quality products. This they offered to private companies, with whom they started a business selling the first motorcycles. These intrepid entrepreneurs tackled a seemingly daunting task with steely determination and a desire to succeed in their venture.
Having achieved perfection
The classic lime green Ninja 6R was designed to be the best sports bike in its class, and numerous race victories testify to the designers' success in achieving their goal. In an effort to proportionally distribute the weight of the motorcycle and minimize air resistance, Kawasaki managed to create not only an impressive model with its technical characteristics, but also decorate it with a sophisticated Supersport-style design.
The stunning 600cc engine impresses with its power and top-end speed, and is perfectly matched by light handling and improved suspension. Excellent cornering characteristics along with precise throttle control guarantee lightning-fast response to driver inputs, and the cassette gearbox increases engine efficiency. The lightweight aluminum body and perfectly adjustable front and rear suspensions provide the most comfortable and smooth ride.
The updated Performance Edition, released in 2012, features an upgraded muffler and a scratch-resistant windshield designed to improve aerodynamics. The 2013 sportbike will surprise fans not only with an even more stylish design and enhanced safety system, but also with the ability to select engine modes thanks to the latest advances in programming.
The first Kawasaki motorcycles were sold under a different brand.
The motorcycles that the Kawasaki team first offered in the American market were called Omega motorcycles. The team quickly discovered that riders in the US wanted a more exciting bike than they could offer. So the factory took the criticisms of small two-stroke engines and developed a set of rugged twin rotary valves that were called the Avenger and the Samurai. These new high-performance models were able to satisfy the American public's demand for high performance and were more successful than their predecessors. The Samurai and Avenger have earned the privilege of being sold under the Kawasaki brand. Selling the first motorcycles under Omega was a good strategy because it helped protect Kawasaki's brand image while the team figured out what the American public really wanted.
Note to the pilot
It is quite clear that an aggressive driving style will require not only good engine performance. Equally important is the balance of the entire chassis and stability of feedback. Regardless of the type of surface—pockmarked with small holes or asphalt sprinkled with sand—the pilot must feel both the road and the motorcycle. Otherwise, it is easy to lose control of the movement during a serious lean or sudden braking. Of course, not only the lap time will depend on this feeling - the driver’s health may also be in question! In this regard, you can rely on the Ninja 250: the standard suspension setup is quite good, and together with high-quality tires, it allows you to maintain full contact with the asphalt. This gives the driver the ability to feel the road while riding the Kawasaki Ninja 250. Reviews from owners confirm that the device's handling is quite good.
Kawasaki quickly expanded to the east coast.
The first company, based in Chicago, became successful, and within two short years, in 1968, Eastern Kawasaki Motorcycle Corporation was founded to distribute motorcycles on the east coast of the United States. The two companies soon merged to form Kawasaki Motors Corp., USA, also known as KMC, and were headquartered in Southern California.
Service specifics
The Kawasaki Ninja 250, like many Japanese-made motorcycles, is not very demanding in terms of maintenance. An important point for its long-term operation is timely maintenance and the use of high-quality consumables. It is not recommended to refuel your bike at gas stations that offer cheap and not always high-quality fuel, as this can lead to failure of the injector, and in some cases, the piston group. To ensure maximum service life, it makes sense to diagnose the motorcycle at least once every six months using specialized diagnostic equipment. The oil used for the 250R four-stroke engine is recommended to use only new (do not save and buy used motor oil) semi-synthetic 5W-40 or 10W40 from well-known manufacturers.
In 1969, Kawasaki's image became international.
Within three short years of its launch in the United States, Kawasaki Motorcycle Corporation developed the Mach III 500cc 2-stroke, three-cylinder engine. This took Kawasaki's image to the next level, gaining international recognition and approval for this achievement. They've had a tough road since they first arrived at their new Chicago venture in 1966 with no image or followers. They were pioneers who had discovered a new niche for themselves in the promised land. The group developed their powerful 1973 Zi four-cylinder motorcycle with a 900cc that made them a force to be reckoned with in the motorcycle industry. KMC has built their own unified distribution network and they have been able to establish dealers as well as improve the customer experience of their products.
"Kawasaki Ninja 250": technical characteristics
Don't think that 30 horsepower (the maximum power of the Ninja 250 engine) is not enough - if used skillfully, this power allows you to drive quite well. Typically, in moderate urban driving, it is quite rare to reach more than 8 thousand revolutions per minute, while the upper limit is set at 15,000 revolutions. The Kawasaki 250 Ninja has engine output at medium speeds that is slightly less than that of the 4-cylinder 400s, which, in turn, naturally have more significant engine power. But that doesn't mean the Ninja 250 engine isn't prone to spinning up.
On the contrary, maximum power is determined at 11,000 rpm. And upon reaching this mark, the engine does not slow down its agility at all. Proper balance in engine operation is achieved by the fuel injection system: two throttle-type valves per cylinder are controlled differently - one by the pilot, and the other by the computer. This distribution makes it possible to achieve significant smoothness in the operation of the motorcycle; the torque is well distributed.
6. They brought ATV and jet ski entertainment to the US.
Kawasaki expanded its offerings by the 1980s. The company produced ATVs, as well as Side by Side vehicles and Jet Skis, which were wildly successful in the US market. While these were additions that were more than welcomed by the leisure-hungry population, Kawasaki did not shy away from the attention given to their motorcycle lines. Kawasaki Ninja sports motorcycles have become a popular product among Americans.
Verdict
pros
- the increased engine volume increased power to 39 hp. With.; comfortable fit; simple acceleration control; soft switching and dosage of controls; the presence of a slipper clutch; excellent maneuverability; appearance.
Minuses
- weak front brake. If the Kawasaki Ninja 300 is equipped with an ABS system, then this problem is removed; hard seat; when making sharp turns, the motorcycle stops filtering road irregularities; Some of the most common breakdowns include failure of the ABS system, burnout of ignition units and malfunctions of the sensor for the non-retracted running board.
The world-famous company Kawasaki this year updated the model of the excellent KAWASAKI Z250 motorcycle, released in 2013. It is worth noting that this model is completely different from the rest of the Z series vehicles. The only thing that the devices have in common is some appearance features.
7. Kawasaki motorcycles solved a common problem.
As motorcycle design and building have evolved over the decades, one major issue has emerged that has plagued motorcycle enthusiasts. The bikes were built from components that often broke when the bikes were dropped or crashed. Kawasaki has built their motorcycles to be very durable. They didn't have to eliminate the use of plastics, but they did strengthen the quality of the plastic materials they used so that motorcycles could still be built in a lightweight format for speed, but with stronger construction, using higher quality materials.
Brakes squeal
The braking system only needs minimal grinding in to work at full power after just a couple of laps. The front brake disc is presented in a single copy, which, however, does not give reason to talk about the weakness of the dynamics of the braking process. Petal-type discs are excellent at dissipating heat. Therefore, even a series of sharp speed reductions will not seriously affect the effectiveness of the brakes. Both the rear and front modules of the system are well modulated. The feeling of fear will not affect the motorcyclist when making a turn with braking - the accident of the wheel slipping into a skid is minimal. Well, without any comments: this motorcycle does not have brake and clutch release adjustment. And it wouldn’t interfere at all with such a beast as the Kawasaki 250 Ninja. However, this is not a critical problem that you just need to get used to.
They were the first foreign motorcycle company to open a plant in the United States.
Kawasaki took the lead in moving forward by creating a factory that would produce motorcycles for the American market on American soil. They sold their products in the US before this. Therefore, they developed a plan to introduce and sell their products within the US market. To achieve this, several executives got together and made a plan to produce motorcycles in the US domestic market. It made sense and saved them a lot of money and time. By producing Kawasaki motorcycles this way, they avoided wasting time and paying foreign duties from trade between countries. It was also beneficial for Americans in terms of job creation and economic development. Soon Toyota, Honda, VW and Nissan did the same.
Stylish model
It is possible to make the appearance of the Kawasaki Ninja 250, whose technical parameters are already excellent, a little more attractive and sporty. To do this, the passenger seat can be easily removed, and in its place a plastic cover that matches the main color of the motorcycle is installed. Having familiarized yourself with the catalog of accessories for this bike, you can equip the object of your pride with a tuned tinted windshield and sliders that protect the plastic in case of falls. And although standard turn signals with transparent glass look good, installing stylish LED turn signals will create a more impressive look. Manufacturers of kits to increase power and maximum speed come to the aid of speed fans. Among the wide list of tuning, one can also highlight direct-flow mufflers and improved suspension elements for the Kawasaki Ninja 250.
11. The Kawasaki motorcycle is good for the American economy.
The Lincoln, Nebraska plant alone employs more than 1,000 local workers. Another 600 people work at the Maryville plant, which opened in 1989. This is beneficial for the workforce, as Kawasaki Motorcycle Manufacturing is a major employer in many of the cities in which it has established roots. The fact that the brand was so well received in America led to high consumer demand and provided many more jobs for American citizens. Kawasaki strives to fulfill all orders as quickly and efficiently as possible.
Comfort
The car is convenient for many reasons. High ground clearance, medium-height handlebars, light weight... However, it is not correct to talk about the comfort of this Kawasaki motorcycle outside the context of its purpose. There is no need for such a thing in the city.
On a country road, too. But off-road, especially dry and especially in motocross competitions, this is an indispensable device.
Of course, road motorcycles will be more convenient in civilized conditions. But where there are hills, potholes and mud all around, this technique is perfect.
Lightweight and mobile, the KX 250 can easily outpace most of today's enduro bikes in dry weather off-road. When it’s damp and slippery, the light weight and relatively low power will make themselves felt.
KMM is at the forefront of technology and development.
One of the reasons Kawasaki motorcycles are so popular in the United States and other parts of the world is the quality and innovation that goes into each new model and generation of motorcycles. Since its inception in the USA, Kawasaki engineers have done their best to respond to public criticism since the first introduction of the Omega. In a successful effort to maintain the high image of the Kawasaki brand, they strive to satisfy consumer demands by adding new technologies and improving construction and design, which has become a tradition of Kawasaki excellence. KMM's R&D centers in Maryville and Lincoln work hard to meet expectations.
Features of design and external execution
According to numerous reviews from Kawasaki Ninja 250 owners and all those who have ever seen this motorcycle (even in photos), the main style of the bike is quite aggressive, but complemented by smooth lines and somewhat rounded shapes. This “little ninja” design (as it is often called by the designers and developers of the Kawasaki Corporation) is facilitated by a special shape of the head light, made in the form of a dual headlight. Rear view mirrors with slight angularities, made of impact-resistant polymer, add visual aggression.
An important feature of the Kawasaki Ninja 250 R is its almost completely closed body and the main components are almost completely hidden behind a plastic fairing, which contains many metal elements. The presence of a similar fairing with additional sharp edges improves the aerodynamic characteristics of the Kawasaki Ninja 250. The fender and fork fairing are made in the same aggressive style. The rear half of the bike is slightly raised above the wheelbase and is made in a pointed design, giving the vehicle a more sporty and high-speed look. The seat is double, made in two levels, making the 250R look stylish and expensive. The 250 R muffler is quite large, decorated with a chrome-plated tip on the right, which externally gives the motorcycle even more power.
When developing this Kawasaki model, the designers provided an informative dashboard located under the fairing and miniature windshield. The panel consists of a speedometer and tachometer, made in analogue style, with additional indicators for low pressure, gasoline level, battery charge and air filter status. Depending on the preferences of the motorcyclist and the technical characteristics of the Kawasaki Ninja 250, it can be purchased in four basic colors - green, blue, red and black.
Kawasaki Motorcycles has a unique delivery method.
Kawasaki executives have come up with a brilliant plan to reduce high warehousing costs or the accumulation of too many parts in their warehouses. The plant operates using a delivery method called just-in-time. Specific parts and components are manufactured in specialized workshops on the assembly line to eliminate any excess inventory or shortages for a highly efficient, low-cost manufacturing process. This has the added benefit that when a worker produces a part, the process itself gives him a full sense of accomplishment and personal pride.
Ninja 250 wins the hearts of racers
This model from the famous Japanese manufacturer was destined to become both a sports and a traditional motorcycle for drivers of various skill levels. Featuring a 249cc twin-cylinder engine producing 27.6 hp, the sportbike is capable of delivering 1.4 miles in 14.6 seconds. In addition, it is difficult not to note the significant advantages of the motorcycle, such as ease of control and low seat position.
Comfortable movement on city streets on one of the most stable motorcycles is also ensured by the classic landing and a two-piston disc brake, which is characterized by high sensitivity to touching the brake lever. One look at this car, thought out to the smallest detail, is enough to realize that this is the most stylish and ergonomic motorcycle in its class.
In 2008, fans of the 250 model could notice significant changes in it, which affected both the technical characteristics and design of the motorcycle, and also influenced the increase in its cost. The developers decided to attract professional racers to their motorcycle by increasing the wheel size and front suspension. Innovations also affected the appearance of the motorcycle, which began to look more modern.
The Kawasaki motorcycle company makes jet engines.
The technical savvy of Kawasaki's engineering and design team has led the company to create amazing motorcycles and more. In addition to producing widely sold motorcycles, they also produce ships, electronics, jet skis, trains, construction tractors, jet engines, helicopters, and space rockets.
Biker's convenience
When driving, especially at high speed, the ergonomics of the driver's seat plays an important role. Once you get behind the wheel, you get the impression that you will be driving not a sportbike, but an ordinary road bike. The seat is soft and quite comfortable, the footrests are at such a level that you don’t have to reach for the steering wheel at all. This makes the rider's position straight and relaxed. This makes it possible to drive around the city for quite a long time, go on a long journey and not think about the prospect of getting tired. Racing on the track is also very comfortable - this landing maintains a feeling of confidence in control over your two-wheeled friend, which makes it easy to make sharp maneuvers.
It should be noted that the bike’s body tilts a lot when going through a sharp turn; from time to time the toes of the rider’s boots touch the asphalt. Therefore, it won’t hurt to purchase motor boots with sliders.
18. Most Ninja 1000 riders are experienced riders.
Kawasaki is so interested in learning more about their customers that they researched even more customers who buy the Kawasaki Ninja 1000 model and found that the average age of these riders is male, 47 years old, and most of them have at some point have completed formal rider training courses. And they ride motorcycles for an average of 19.4 years in their lives.
What bike owners say:
In many videos, Kawasaki ZXR 250 owners note that it is very leisurely compared to modern sportbikes. However, this, according to some, makes it more suitable for people unfamiliar with the class and also makes it easier to move around the city.
The bike handles well and does not fall over at low speeds, for example, in a gradually flowing traffic jam. Many owners note this. The only problem that almost everyone talks about is that it is not so easy to get spare parts for this old model.
In conclusion, it is worth noting that the Kawasaki ZXR 250 is an excellent bike not only for its time, but even today. Yes, it is inferior in terms of characteristics to the top models of our time, but its capabilities are enough to please speed lovers. Well, connoisseurs of old sportbikes will generally be delighted.
Kawasaki Ninja H2 is the flagship model.
When Kawasaki set out to create a powerful motorcycle that would meet the demands of the street, they introduced their flagship model, the Ninja H2. This road bike falls into the turbocharged super sports car category. The creators designed it with a variable speed centrifugal supercharger that produces over 300 horsepower and a top speed of over 200 mph (320 km/h). This is a high-performance motorcycle with very desirable features for the liter class, including excellent chassis and suspension design. The Ninja H2 set the bar high by becoming the first production motorcycle ever released in 2015 to use a supercharged 998cc inline-four engine. cm and two overhead camshafts. This revolutionary motorcycle is equipped with a host of electronic aids designed solely to enhance performance.
Machine power
Let's say that you wanted not to lower the speed limit below 8000 per minute. Then you immediately begin to feel all the sportiness of the engine and forget that the engine has only two cylinders: a solid exhaust pipe with a set of revolutions makes a characteristic sound, very reminiscent of the roar of a four-cylinder engine. The howl of the heart of the car is pleasant to the ear of every racer; it is an integral part of extreme sports! And high speeds can significantly improve the acceleration dynamics of the Kawasaki Ninja 250. Characteristics obtained experimentally on foreign tracks show that the acceleration time of this bike to a speed of 100 km/h is only 4.7 seconds. And the top speed mark is quite good for a quarter-liter - a little over 160 km/h. Very positive results for such an engine size!
Features and benefits of the Kawasaki KVF750 Prairie 4×4 ATV (2007)
Engine
4-stroke two-cylinder V-engine with a volume of 749 cm3
- The V-shape design, with a bore greater than the stroke, provides high power and torque flexibility across the entire range.
- The 90° cylinder placement provides excellent primary balance to reduce vibration and improve driver comfort.
- An electric starter with the possibility of a backup manual start with a cord will allow you to start the all-terrain vehicle even when the battery charge level is low.
Fuel system
Two Keihin CVKR-34 carburetors provide excellent throttle response and high torque throughout the engine speed range.
Transmission
Automatic transmission Kawasaki Automatic Power drive System (KAPS)
- Fully automatic V-belt continuously variable transmission (CVT).
- Simplicity of the design of the upper and lower range switch.
- Cooling air enters through an intake nozzle located in front of the steering fork, which protects the engine from dust and water and reduces wear.
Drive Belt Alarm System
- Warns the driver of possible drive belt failure or excessive wear and reduces engine power until the problem is corrected.
- The “Check Belt” indicator indicates a possible drive belt malfunction and reminds you of the need for periodic maintenance.
Kawasaki Engine Brake Control (KEBC)
- Under certain conditions, applies engine braking to provide additional deceleration when driving downhill.
- Automatic CVT belt wear compensation keeps the performance of the ATV unchanged.
Adjustable limited-slip front differential
- The driver can control the amount of slip of the limited-slip front differential to suit specific applications.
- Ease of control in normal 4x4 mode; the ability to transfer full power to the front wheels if necessary.
Electrical switching between 2 and 4 wheel drive modes (2WD/4WD)
- Selectable 2 or 4 wheel drive modes to suit terrain and driving conditions.
- The 2WD/4WD switch is conveniently located on the steering wheel under your right hand.
Chassis
Independent front and rear suspension with double parallel wishbones
- Guarantees a comfortable ride with suspension travel of 171 mm (front) and 200 mm (rear).
- Independent front and rear suspension allows each wheel to handle bumps with ease while maintaining maximum traction and low steering effort.
- Shock absorbers with coil springs and five-position spring preload adjustment.
Double disc front brakes
Double disc front brakes provide fast, confident braking.
Sealed rear brakes
- The multi-disc braking system is located entirely inside the swingarm.
- The system operates in a sealed oil bath, which makes it insensitive to water, dirt, dust and foreign objects.
Equipment features
- Scratch-resistant glossy plastic cladding parts.
- Convenient vertical fit, comfortable saddle.
- Convenient electrical connectors for connecting additional devices at the front (120 W) and rear (60 W).
- The design of the rims emphasizes the high class of the ATV.
- The front and rear luggage racks are designed for a total load of 120 kg.
- The standard rear towbar has a towing capacity of 567 kg.
- Options: jets for carburetors, high-altitude kit, additional tank.
Changes compared to 2006 model
- New front suspension arms, fork angle and offset changed to improve handling.
- The platform footboards are grooved and thicker for added durability.
- To unify parts with other KVF models, a new speed sensor cover was used.
- The lower fuel tank has been redesigned to make cleaning easier.
- The wheel covers have been redesigned to make installation easier.
- The color of the rims has been changed from gray to black.
- New graphic design.
Stability and reliability
How does a 250cc engine perform at high speeds? The motorcycle is stable and reliable, moving at a speed of 110-120 km/h. After shifting into sixth gear, the speedometer showed a relaxed 120 km/h at about 8000 rpm. According to user reviews, the new windshield provides a decent level of wind protection without allowing too much wind to blow on the driver. When driving on bumpy roads in the city, the improved suspension of the motorcycle is immediately noticeable. If earlier, when entering such a section, one could expect a noticeable blow, now the small Kawasaki 250 Ninja turned out to be at its best. The new front fork is slightly thicker than the previous one and provides better stability and greater stability. The rear shock absorbers have 5-position preload adjustment. This means you can loosen or tighten the factory shock absorber settings to prepare for carrying a passenger or luggage.
Motorcycle cost
The high level of sales of the motorcycle was due not only to its stylish design and interesting technical characteristics, but also to the company’s affordable pricing policy.
The cost of the model for a long time remained within three and a half thousand dollars. Successive modernizations of the motorcycle gradually increased its cost and, now, the price of the new Kawasaki ninja 250R in Russia is about 240,000 rubles.
The price of Kawasaki Ninja 250 R on the secondary market starts from 100,000 rubles for 2008-2009 models, up to 230,000 rubles for 2012 models.
It should be noted that the price is approximate and can easily be reduced with the right approach to buying a motorcycle. And the correct approach is a mandatory and, one might say, meticulous inspection of the vehicle.
It is recommended to check according to the following parameters:
- Inspection of the frame. The absence of changes in geometry, cracks, dents, and paint rebounds on the welds is checked.
- Front fork. Check that there is no fluid leakage when the fork moves vertically.
- Chain drive. The degree of chain elongation from normal parameters is checked.
- Brake discs. The wear of the discs is checked, which should not have a pronounced decrease in thickness.
- Tire condition. If the rear tire is worn more in the center than on the edges, this means that the owner is a fan of hard starts, which, in turn, may indicate that the motorcycle may have increased wear on the engine and transmission.
- Availability of technical fluids. The level and condition of working fluids in the engine, cooling system, and brake system are checked.
- Engine. It is checked in start-up mode, warm-up mode and in a warm-up state. There should be no obvious soot or oil discharge from the exhaust pipe.
- Radiator. The integrity of the radiator and the uniformity of its heating are checked.
- Electrical equipment. The functionality of all electrical appliances is checked and the brightness of the headlights does not change when the engine speed changes.
You can read more about the inspection before purchasing your first motorcycle in our article: “Which motorcycle to choose for a beginner.”
The Kawasaki ninja 250R motorcycle is not the same Ninja of 1986, but its popularity has not diminished at all, and still remains the blue dream of many motorcycle lovers
This bright, attractive example of modern motorcycle technology can introduce a beginner to the grandiose action of circuit racing, and simply attract the attention of others.
